Abstract
Indonesia is one of the Megabiodiversity country in the world, it is due to the very high variety . Indonesia has more than 17% from all species in the world event Indonesia has only 1,5 % large of the world. Biodiversity in its level, known as something that has an important role for human life.
There are a few factors become the cause of biodiversity erotion, They are : The habitates being fragmented, exploitation, land, watter, and air polution, Climate change and also farm and forest industries activity.
National park is the most ideal concervation area tipe as Indonesia Biodiversity concervation area. It caused by the national Park area larger than another concervation area. The most Prominent in national park management is the zonation sistem. They are a few zone in National park : main zone, jungle zone, utilizing zone and buffer zone.
Introduction
Indonesia is one of the Megabiodiversity country in the world, it is due to the very high variety . Indonesia has more than 17% from all species in the world event Indonesia has only 1,5 % large of the world. Biodiversity in its level, known as something that has an important role for human life.
There are a few factors become the cause of biodiversity erotion, They are : The habitates being fragmented, exploitation, land, watter, and air polution, Climate change and also farm and forest industries activity.
National park is the most ideal concervation area tipe as Indonesia Biodiversity concervation area. It caused by the national Park area larger than another concervation area. The most Prominent in national park management is the zonation sistem. They are a few zone in National park : main zone, jungle zone, utilizing zone and buffer zone.
Indonesia is one of the megabiodiversity country in the world, it is due to very higth variety of the biodiversity. Those biodiversity includes all the biodiversity level. That are genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity. Indonesia has more than 17% from all species in the world, even Indonesia has only 1,3% large of the world. The endemism level of Indonesia is also high enough.
Interrelated with the ecosystem diversity. Indonesia has 47 different tipe natural ecosystem in mineral, it`s variation from a snow area and alpin meadow/savannah in Irian Jaya until a few tipe of low land forest. From deep lake ecosystem until a shallow swamp ecoystem and from a spectaculer seaweed ecosystem and mangrove swamp.
Interlated with the genetic diversity, Indonesia is known as one of the genetic diversity centre in the world. From world 12 disseminating genetic resources centre (say by vavilov), Indomalayan is one of it. During this time Indonesia is known as a genetic diversity centre for a many kinds of plant such as banana, durio, nutmeg and clove.
The Biodiversity Utility
Biodiversity in it`s level, known as something that has an important role for human life. A high genetic diversity from one population is a main "row material" for the superior species development to use it in the future (Sastrapraja, 1989).
Indonesian high species diversity is known has give many kinds of benefit for the society and country during this time, such as food sources, medicine, row material, rattan and so on (sastrapraja, 1989). For example Indonesia has more than in commercial tree species which has been used about USD 4,5 milyar per years. Indonesia is also rich for many kind of commersial rattan which give USD 200 million in value per years.
The high Indonesian ecosystem has also known gives a lot of benefits, they are as watter controlers, land protection, carbon adsorbtion, life supports (habitates) for a few wild animals species and estetics use by forest area in Java is precieted about USD 30 per hectars per years. The catching carbon value by 46 million on hectar Indonesian land conservation area is precieted about USD 0,4 - 0,9 billion peryears.
Mc. Nelly (1990) in Shucking and Anderson (1993) has explain the biodiversity used based on 3 main factors, they are :
a. Ecological function :
Watershed area includes maintainance and protection, and a plant and wild life species habitates.
b. Subsistention value :
Including food stock, fibers, medicines and the others product that consumes out of economic market.
c. Commercial use :
includes a harvested matterials such as wood, rattan, damar and collour materials and also genetical resources that used for farm and forest plant.
Biodiversity Threat
There are a few factors become acause of biodiversity erotion. A few International Assosiation such as WRI, IUCN, and UNEP (1995) identifying six main mechanism of biodiversity extinction process, they are : the habitates being fragmented, exploitation, land, watter and air polution. Global climates change also plant and forest industries activity. Because of those factors, an over habitates damage and species exploitation is a main threat factors for Indonesia biodiversity extence.
As we know, the main habitates for Indonesian biodiversity mayority (also the world) is tropical forest. Tropical rain forest is a place to live (home) for 50% -90% species on the earth (Mc Nelly 1990). So the Tropical Rain Forest damage become the biggest biodiversity threat.
Indonesian tropical rain forest, has being deforested and degradated in a bed level. The main factor couse those demage is an over wood exploitation activity, forest fire, nomaden farming and forest convertion. In 1990 it is predicted, forestry company large area (wood cutting area) is about 53,4 - 58 million hectars in 540 company. As we know the forestry company (timber estate) exploitation has mad ecosistem forest damage affect. In 1985 - 1989, Indonesian tropical rain forest that have being shifted by the nomaden farm is about 11,4 million hectars. Forest fire is almost happened every years, the biggest forest fire in 1983, has burns 3,6 million hectars forest in East Kalimantan. Until 1989, the conversion forest area for transmigration is about 4,5 million hectars, and to open area for new plantation (especially ruber and oil palm) in Indonesia development is predicted almost 2 million hectars (Soemantri, 1995).
Interrelated with the over species exploitation, just like expaired before, the rare a many wild animals species in this time such as Bali starling, Java rhinoceros, Java tiger, Sumatras tiger and soon is because of ilegal hunt of those species in a big number more then its reproduction.
Biodiversity Conservation Effort
Because of Indonesian biodiversity damage process that already happened, biodiversity conservation activity which already done in Indonesia including insitu and exsitu conservation. Insitu conservation is a biodiversity conservation in its original habitates (ussually in conservation area). And the exitu conservation is out of its original habitates conservation such as national park species, zoo, safari garden, arboretum, genetical bank conservation and etc.
According to the Indonesia law (UU No. 5 1990) about bionatural source conservation and its ecosystem, Indonesian conservation area (as insitu biodiversity conservation) is separated into 2 categories, they are : wild life reserve area and nature conservation area. Wild life reserve area is an area with a specific characteristic that have a main function a flora and fauna ecosystem support also life support. Cagar alam (sanctuary) and suaka margasatwa (wild animals asylum) are part of this suaka alam (natural secure) area chategory and nature conservation area is an area with a specific characteristic that have a function as life system protection and a sustainable resourse and ecosystem use national park.
Interrelated with the Indonesian land and watters, land conservation large area about 8% from Indonesian land and for watters conservation about 1% from indonesian ocean. These majority conservation area have been in nature ecosistem area.
National Park as a main Biodiversity Conservation Area
Between those few category that explained before, national park is the most ideal conservation area tipe as Indonesian biodiversity conservation area. It is caused by the national park area is larger than another conservation area.
The Indonesia law (UU No. 5 years 1990) about the nature biosource conservation and its ecosystem, national park definited as a nature conservation area which has an origional ecosystem, it`s managed with zonation system that used for research, sciences, education, ecotourism and recreation. Based on those definition, the most prominent in zonation system is National Park management. There are a few zona of national park they are the main zone, jungle zone, utilizing zone and buffer zone. The national park main zone usually has a function and management the same tipe with cagar alam (sanctuary) conservation management tipe, that is reffered to protection flora, fauna and its ecosystem spesification and its naturally development. Jungle zone has a same goods with suaka margasatwa (wild animals asylum), that is make or fauna diversity and unique life protects. Utilizing zone has a similary with ecotourism park, so it can be visited for recreation activity. Buffer zone is a zone that usually out of national park which supports interaction between society and national park.
With those explanation we know that national park is a united of many kind of another conservation area, and it located in a large area. According to the land biogeographs theory, a land can support more species life if the land larger and close to the another conservation land. Those theory implication is for conservation area absorver that is to biodiversity conservation area has tobe as large as posible, as compact as posible and as close as posible with the other conservation area. With those reason, national park become the most good category conservation area because of its large and compact area. unlike the other conservation area which has small area and seperated one to another.
1 Director of Bandung Forestry Club, Indonesia
